Essay about The Threat of the Constitution - 2560 Words

The Threat of the Constitution The fundamental point of contention between the Federalists and anti-Federalists in their debates over ratification of the Constitution surrounded the question of what powers were necessary in order to insure the security of the nation as a whole. The federalists, of course, believed that a strong central government was necessary, for reasons of national security and economic prosperity. The anti-Federalists were strongly opposed to the centralization of power, rather, they were concerned with retaining the sovereignty of the states and, in turn, their secured political freedom. Three issues were the cause of great apprehension to the anti-Federalists upon reading the proposed Constitution -- the†¦show more content†¦One such believer in this potential outcome, the anti-Federalist calling himself Federalist Farmer, offers his interpretation of the positions of power under the new Constitution, comparing them to the English monarchy and Parliament, saying that the new gove rnment consists of three different branches, namely, king, lords, and commons or, in the American language, President, Senate and Representatives . This feeling is echoed in most of the anti-Federalist writings, that political officials are, as one writer put it, no more than an elective monarchy . The correlation between the potential abuse of power and the rich, intellectual and aristocratic class of Americans was a great reason behind the suspicious perception of government on the part of the anti-Federalists. This air of distrust was especially strong since the memories of the oppressive reign of England and the revolutionary spirit were still fresh in the minds and hearts of Americans. The anti-Federalists had a great deal to be concerned with in light of the proposed Constitution, as the political power and democratic rights of the majority were seemingly tossed aside, leaving them helpless subjects, rather than active political participants in the new government. For the most part, their concerns about the potential abuses of powerShow MoreRelatedThe Threat On A Nation From Its Own Constitution Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Threats on a Nation from Its Own Constitution When looking for the causes of the Civil War, one might start with the Mexican American War, which mainly began over the issue of the expansion of slavery. However, America’s sectional differences have been present since the country’s early days. In fact, one might argue that the United States was born to be split over issues on governance, with the seeds of secession sown as early as when the Founding Fathers created a new nation. Despite the manyRead MoreThe Threat Of Terrorism : The United States Constitution1797 Words   |  8 Pageswhat is best for the group. This decision is usually motivated by fear. Fear is generally a destructive force in society, allowing the strong to take advantage of the weak. The threat of terrorism creates a fear that allows government agencies to subvert the United States Constitution and common morals out of the threat that they will be unable to combat terrorism without performing these rights violations. After the attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. on September 11th, 2001, the UnitedRead MoreThe Biggest Threat to the Weimar Republic Was the Weimar Constitution Itself. Discuss2215 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The biggest threat to the Weimar Republic was the Weimar Constitution itself. Discuss† The Weimar Constitution was the biggest threat to the Weimar Republic, because it eventually lead to many problems that would affect the Republic. These were: Hitler’s rise to power against the Weimar Republic, the downfall of the Reichsrat, the passage of the Enabling Act, use of proportional representation, political extremism and the institution of the Reichsprà ¤sident. Hitler’s Chancellorship eventually ledRead MoreWhat Is The Supreme Law Of The Land1041 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome the supreme law of the land. Our constitution is designed to uphold policies which do not promote an agenda but to provide for ideas which create solutions for our country at large. Due to this reasoning our federal government shall be reigning as the supreme decision maker of laws. This constitution also guarantees individuals certain rights which are listed below unless they interfere with the broader goals of our society or are considered a threat to other individuals rights, freedoms orRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1593 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The Constitution of the United States was signed on the 17th of September in 1787. The delegates who signed the document were the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. The Convention was presided over by George Washington. It was the Constitution of the United States that established the national government and certain basic fundamental laws apart from guaranteeing some basic rights to the citizens of the United States. The first Constitution of the United StatesRead MoreThe Rights Of The United States847 Words   |  4 Pagesthe protections afforded by the constitution apply to anyone within its territory. However, since the terrorist attack against the United States on September 11, 2001, the protections of the constitution have since become a blurred line. Legislation such as the Patriot Act, and methods in which law enforcement conduct operations to combat terrorism have pushed the limits of the constitution. Finding the balance of working within the con fines of the constitution is a constant challenge. The growingRead MoreSupremacy Judicial Review : The Power Of The Other Branches Of Government856 Words   |  4 Pagesaddition, Brutus also states that the courts are to â€Å"decide questions arising upon the meaning of the constitution in law† (Brutus, HCR, 374). Similarly, Hamilton repeatedly mentions the courts rights to â€Å"pronounce† acts that are â€Å"contrary to the Constitution. In other words, both sides share the same opinion that the it is the judiciary s role to determine whether a law voids the spirit of the Constitution. Despite Brutus and Hamilton’s similar agreement on the purpose of establishing the power constitutionalRead MoreJapanese Constitutional Reform : Consequences Of Article 91640 Words   |  7 PagesYoshida and Aoki (2015), reporters for The Japan Times state that the enactment of these laws has been a key goal of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who wanted to eliminate some of the legal restrictions surrounding Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution which renounces the sovereign right of Japan to participate in war or other armed conflicts. The liberalisation of these laws allows Japanese forces to participate in overseas missions, which will strengthen the alliance between Japan and the UnitedRead MoreThe American Revolution910 Words   |  4 Pagesthe French to become a much needed ally for America in their quest for independence. The war for independence lasted until 1783, when the British signed the Treaty of Paris. The separate states were in the process of writing their respective constitutions, when it became apparent to Congress that there was need for laws to dictate how they were organized. This resulted in the creation of the Articles of the Confederation in November of 1777. The idea of states maintaining a high level of powerRead MoreThe Creation Of The Us Constitution1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe creation of the US constitution was prompted my many different things going on. What established America’s national government and fundamental laws is the U.S constitution. It also guarantees basic rights for its citizens. The U.S constitution was signed on September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pa. The first document before the U.S constitution was the Articles of Confederation, with that the government wasn’t very strong and the states didn’t act like they do today. In 1787, at the 1787 convention

Why The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered - 1237 Words

There has been an ongoing controversy in the United States on whether the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen like most of the world or if it should stay at twenty-one. Underage drinking has been a major controversial issue for years, yet why is it not under control? Teenagers are continuing to buy alcohol with fake identification cards, drink, get into bars, and drink illegally. As a teen I have proof that these things are going on not only in college but in high school as well. There are a lot of factors that come together to why the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen; the most obvious reason is too many people are drinking before they are twenty-one. Liquor stores, bars, and clubs all want to make money and if they can get away with selling to underage teens then they will. A study done by the Academic Search Premier agrees that, ?By now it is obvious that the law has not succeeded in preventing the under-21 group from drinking? (Michael Smith 1). There would be a lot of benefits to having the drinking age change to eighteen. The amount of binge drinking would lessen, and the out rage to drink would also decrease. According to Smith, ?Reports of binge drinking come from all types of campuses across the country. In 1992, researchers reported that more college?s students were drinking to get drunk than their counterparts a decade earlier, and one recent study reported an increase, just since 1994, in the number of students who drink deliberately to getShow MoreRelatedWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered908 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the Drinking Age should be lowered to 18? At the age of 18, American Citizens gain the immense responsibility of becoming an adult. When you turn 18 you gain a sense of adulthood and many things that were illegal for you before are now legal. Object lessons are the right to sign a contract, vote in elections, attend on a jury, make a will, get married without parental permission and the list goes on. For what reason is it that you aren t old enough to purchase and consume alcohol. The passageRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered995 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans believe it is appropriate for those under twenty-one to drink alcohol and want the legal drinking age to be lowered to eighteen. In the United States when an individual reaches eighteen, he or she are believed to be an adult. Becoming an adult as the law states that means mature enough to vote, purchase cigarettes, and even sign up for the military. When considering changing the drinking age to eighteen for many reasons to think through when it comes to h ealth complications regards to well-beingRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered997 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the drinking age should not be lowered Alcoholism affects so many people in the United States due to accidents and much more but, many people say once teens turn 18 they should be able to do whatever they want, If they are able to vote, purchase nicotine products and become our troops, etc. So why not be able to drink? The drinking age has become a more controversial issue lately. There are many reasons of why the drinking age should not be lowered but if the drinking age was to be lowered toRead MoreWhy The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1582 Words   |  7 PagesWhy the Legal Drinking Age should Be Lowered Ever since its creation in ancient times, alcohol has been used for many reasons and purposes. Since then, controversies have risen on the topic of alcohol consumption and production. Among these controversies is that of the legal drinking age. While that age is 21 years, the legal age for smoking and for holding political posts is 18 years, and the legal age for consent for sex is 16 years – two of which are activities that are equally, if not more,Read MoreWhy The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered1300 Words   |  6 PagesInsert name Professor’s name Course/class Date Why the drinking age in the U.S. should be lowered to 18 Getting to 18 years of age is an important milestone for a US resident because it is the legal age for independence, allowing the individual to make his or her decisions regarding tobacco smoking, driving and even joining the armed forces while being treated as an adult by the justice system. While this statement is essentially accurate, it is untrue concerning the ability to purchase and drinkRead MoreEssay about Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18872 Words   |  4 PagesLowering the drinking age to 18 would make a lot of sense in the world. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make more sense. It would be better for the teens that drink on college campus. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because you can vote at eighteen, buy tobacco, it’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the law, evidence supports that early introduction of drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse, and college people that are not 21 drink also. If teenagers that are nowRead MoreLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? The longer you drink the more you start toRead MoreShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 Pagesboredom, sadness, insomnia, and rebellion. These are just a few reason why people may consume alcohol. The category of people also includes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you loo k at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more importantRead MoreShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered to 18? Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesargument amongst Americans is determining that the current legal drinking age which is 21 should be lowered to eighteen or not. Researching the following propaganda made me understand the dangers to the youth and people in America if the drinking age were to lower. Therefore i will argue with whoever disagrees with me that the drinking age should be lowered. Id like to explain six reasons to why the drinking age should not be lowered beginning with the strongest reasons. First reason being is thatRead MoreLowering The Alcohol Drinking Age1602 Words   |  7 Pages Lowering The Alcohol Drinking Age Now a day’s teens that are under the age of twenty-one are out in trouble and drinking. They know that they are not old enough to drink and that is what makes them want to drink even more. Teens drink when they are not suppose to, but they know that when they drink, they must stay out of trouble. Lowering the alcohol drinking age will keep a bunch of teens out of trouble. If teens can stay safe while drinking then they should allow eighteen year olds to drink

Essay On Red Hunting Hat In Catcher In The Rye - 1071 Words

Sporting a plaid, red deer hunting hat, he would consistently pull the bill of the hat around to the back due to he insisted he looked better. The flaps would always stay down to cover his ears and would constantly be questioned why he was wearing a deer hunting hat when he was not hunting deer. Holden Caulfield, main character of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, regularly dons a red deer hunting hat for the majority of the novel. The Catcher in the Rye is a coming-of-age novel showing how the main character spends his days between moving out of his private school and returning home to his parents in New York in his hunting hat. Caulfield must manage the constant changing of schools, underage drinking, and not following the crowd,†¦show more content†¦Another standard Caulfield must abide by: the current drinking laws. Caulfield is an avid drinker at clubs and bars, nevertheless, waiters constantly do not serve him due to his age. While in his hotel bar, The L avender Room, Caulfield attempts ordering a drink, â€Å"I ordered a Scotch and soda, and told him not mix--I said it fast as hell, because if you ham and haw, they think you’re under twenty-one and won’t sell you any intoxicating liquor. I had trouble with him anyway†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (90-91). Ordering a drink fast and not look like anything is wrong is the approach Caulfield takes when soliciting a drink from the bar; the waiter is no use though for he will not serve Caulfield without verification. A separate occasion of Caulfield acquiring alcoholic refreshments is at Ernie’s, a popular night club. At the same time of being seated, Caulfield orders a drink, certain he will not be carded, â€Å"I ordered a Scotch and soda, which is my favorite drink, next to frozen Daiquiris. If you were only around six years old, you could get liquor at Ernie’s, the place was so dark and all, and besides, nobody cared how old you were† (111). When showing up to Ern ie’s, Caulfield knows he will receive alcohol as a result of the waiters do not verify your age.Show MoreRelatedSymbolism In Catcher In The Rye712 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye essay Essay question: Analyse how symbolism was used to develop the key ideas in the written text. In the novel â€Å"Catcher in the Rye†, author J.D Salinger uses symbolism to create and portray key idea to us as the readers. The key ideas he portrays are; Holden Caulfield is the guardian of youth and that Holden is a broken record that no one wants to listen to. Throughout the novel, author J.D Salinger often mentions a red hunting hat worn by Holden and the way in which HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Anyone who has lost a beloved relative to cancer or other illnesses can understand how difficult it is to return to a normal living routine and move on with their lives without the relative. In J.D. Salinger’s novel, Holden Caulfield has to deal with the loss of his younger brother to leukemia. A few years after his younger brother, Allie, passed away, Holden finds himself being kicked out of yet another boarding school, this one being Pencey Prep in Pennsylvania. HoldenRead MoreGrief For Allie in The Catcher In The Rye by J.D Salinger1147 Words   |  5 Pagesa young person is The Catcher In The Rye by J.D Salinger. The Catcher In The Rye is a novel about a teenager, Holden Caulfield, who is confused and makes life changing mistakes because of his inability to accept his brother Allie’s death. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross made up the five stages of grief. The stages are denial, anger, depression, bargaining, and acceptance. Holden goes through these five stages throughout t he novel. Salinger uses the baseball mitt, the red hunting hat, and the carousel to exploreRead MoreJ.D. Salingers Catcher In The Rye and Burr Steers Igby Goes Down1493 Words   |  6 Pages Comparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present inRead MoreComparative Essay - Catcher in the Rye vs. Igby Goes Down1552 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present inRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Thesis Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Thesis Essay The novel Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is very interesting novel in which the main character, Holden, intrigues the reader with his unpredictable actions and upfront judgments of his surroundings. Holden alienates himself to try and help protect him from the outside world and conserve his innocence. He constantly proves this to reader many in times in the novel by, telling characters he feels different, wearing clothing that makes him stand out even thoughRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger620 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D Salinger depicts a narration of Holden Caulfield’s encounters. Holden is portrayed as a high school student that is judgmental towards adults while kinder to the youth. Holden does not want to grow up and he thinks that if one is approaching adulthood, one will turn into a phony. Holden’s leniency towards younger people, such as his sister, is because of his dilemma of gr owing up or not, his distaste for adult phonies, and his own childhood. Holden’s dislikeRead MoreBravery in The Catcher in the Rye Essay593 Words   |  3 Pagesrelates to J. D. Salinger’s novel Catcher in the Rye. The protagonist Holden Caulfield shows a lot of bravery during the course of the novel. I disagree with the quote, but I do agree that there are many references that are similar between J.F. Clarke’s quote and J. D. Salinger’s novel. Conscience is described as the awareness of a moral or ethical aspect to ones conduct together with the urge to prefer right over wrong. In the novel Catcher in the Rye, Holden is very brave by leaving his Read MoreComparison and Contrast of a Separate Peace and Catcher in the Rye1515 Words   |  7 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay A Separate Peace and The Catcher in the Rye The coming of age novels, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, and A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, both interpret the lives of adolescent boys journeying through their conflicts and inner confusion to reach the level of maturity. Salinger and Knowles both discern the literal ways a typical teenager grows up with the help of literary elements such as plot, setting, character development, conflictsRead MoreReview Of The Catcher Rye And Huckleberry Finn 1497 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Combined Coursework: Comparative Essay The theme of rejection is highly predominant in both The Catcher in the Rye and Huckleberry Finn. Both plotlines constantly intertwine with the concept of dismissal from peers, family and society. Despite being set in eras nearing a century apart; these novels perfectly encapsulate conflicts within their cultures. Huckleberry Finn is set in the 1840’s – a time when slavery was still yet to be abolished in America’s southern states. Throughout the

Foreign Service Officer For Citizenship And Immigration...

For as long as I can remember, I have always wanted a career that would continually broaden my horizons and benefit society at large. I am interested in a career as a Foreign Service Officer for Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) because of the international scope and dynamism of its long-term career path as well as the opportunity to contribute to Canadian society as a member of the public service. Although these aspects of the career appeal to me, I also recognize them as the two most challenging aspects of working as a Foreign Service Officer. First, the prospect of moving from posting to posting, while exciting, would require me to constantly adapt to new environments and make adjustments in personal affairs. Second, a career in public service requires me to serve as a non-partisan agent and to carry out policies that I may or may not agree with, which can present demoralizing situations throughout the lifetime of my career. Despite these challenges, I am confident that I c an use the passion and interest that I possess for the work of a Foreign Service Officer to derive satisfaction in such a career. My interest in a career as a Foreign Service Officer with CIC is rooted in my desire for work that is both exciting and beneficial to society at-large. There is extensive travelling involved in a Foreign Service career with CIC, often to places that are radically different from Canada. This would serve to broaden my own personal understanding of the human conditionShow MoreRelated Immigration Essay2387 Words   |  10 Pages Immigration Open the book You asked about...immigration and citizenship. Turn to page 2. quot;Immigration Canada aims to contribute to a stronger nation by: ... protecting refugees at home and abroadquot; (Immigration and Citizenship 2). Turn to page 5. quot;Immigration assesses immigrants...standards that do not discriminate on the basis of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion or sexquot; (Immigration and Citizenship 5). Disturbed? Turn to page 28. quot;Canada encouragesRead MoreTrump Immigration Ban Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesTrumps Immigration Ban A wide variety of people were affected by President Trump’s initial order, which would bar for 90 days, people from seven predominantly Muslim countries from entering the United States: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen. It also bans all refugees for 120 days, and Syrian refugees indefinitely. After a review of the screening process, the order says officials may give recommendations for indefinite bans. Other countries may be added to the list as well. ThoseRead MoreCase Study : Cadillac Immigration Inc Essay2017 Words   |  9 PagesCADILLAC IMMIGRATION INC. 140 Yonge St #200, Toronto, ON M5C 1X6 Angelica Brown November 25, 2016 Confidentiality Notice: This Business Plan is fully confidential and contains proprietary information and intellectual property of Cadillac Immigration Inc. Neither this Business Plan nor any of the information contained herein may be reproduced or disclosed under any circumstances without the express written permission of Cadillac Immigration Inc. Any information provided in this Business Plan isRead MoreIllegal Aliens and Birthright Citizenship4368 Words   |  18 PagesIllegal Aliens and Birthright Citizenship The United States Constitution is the supreme law of our great country. Found in our Constitution, is the fourteenth amendment. But, did the authors of the Fourteenth Amendment want or not want to grant citizenship to every person who happened to be born on U.S. soil? And does subject to the jurisdiction mean something different from born in the United States,? First, let’s see exactly what the fourteenth amendment states: â€Å"All persons born or naturalizedRead MoreSociological Analysis Of Migration During The Twenty First Century3199 Words   |  13 Pagesmigration as ‘a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence’ (49). This is dictated by factors such as the area of origin, destination, obstacles, and personal interests. A global city is marked by cultural, racial, and ethnic diversity due to immigration and settlement. Capitalism invokes the concept of dominance, power, and racial prejudice within a capitalist society. The idea of the class system was reinforced. The capitalist class has control over the means of production while the working classRead MoreImmigration And The United States2151 Words   |  9 PagesImmigration is one of the most heated topics in the U.S. political and social agenda and usually evokes strong polar opinions in the American society, in part due to its complex composition of peoples and cultures. It is precisely due to this fact, that the interpret ers and translators working in the field of Immigration must be familiar not only with the basic types of immigration hearings, but have an understanding of the history of Immigration in the United States, different types of visas andRead MoreImmigration Policy And The Presidential Election Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagessecurity and economy.† This opening statement made in the video â€Å"Immigration Policy and the Presidential election† produced by Hagit Ariav and Jeremy Sherlick in October 2015 for the Council of Foreign Relations expresses why immigration is an ever present issue in American politics. However, statements and policies introduced by this year’s candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, have brought the controversial topic of immigration to a historic high, sparking wide spread opinions and discussionsRead MoreMulticulturalism and the Canadian identity Essay2320 Words   |  10 PagesMulticulturalism and the Canadian identity. Introduction What is Canada? What is a Canadian? Canada, to employ Voltaires analogy, is nothing but â€Å"a few acres of snow.†. Of course, the philosopher spoke of New France, when he made that analogy. More recently, a former Prime Minister, Joe Clark, said that the country was nothing but a â€Å"community of communities†. Both these images have helped us, in one way or another, try to interpret what could define this country. On the other hand, a CanadianRead MoreAn Interview On Non Recognition Of Foreign Credentials2772 Words   |  12 Pagesthe education and research officer in office of the fairness commissioner. This office was created to provide services to those whose credentials are not recognized in Ontario. Larry was interviewed to get an insight of how office of the fairness commissioner response and address issues related to the non-recognition of foreign credentials in Toronto. Non recognition of foreign credentials is a social issue that is generally believe d to be affecting many immigrants in Canada and is considered a causeRead MoreHistory of Immigration in the United States Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pagesof the United States immigration has become apart of our country’s fabric which, began centuries ago. Only to become a hot topic in the US in recent years with its primary focus being illegal immigrants. Illegal immigration is when people enter a country without government permission. As of 2008 the Center for Immigration Studies estimated that there are 11 million illegal immigrants in the US which is down from 2007‘s 12.5 million people. Although the Center for Immigration Studies estimates are

A Modest Proposal Free Essays

Short Story Analysis A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift once remarked, â€Å"We have just religion enough to make us hate, but not enough to make us love one another† (Conditions). 1729 was a time where both economic and religious struggles raged between Ireland and England. Jonathan Swift’s motives for A Modest Proposal were driven by influence, oppression, and poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now This brutal yet ironic satire demonstrated Swift’s frustration in regards to English and Irish politics. His mocking tone was to shock Ireland out of its weary state, and at the same time humiliate England. In the years prior to A Modest Proposal, Swift was a lobbyist for the Irish clergymen. Swift supported a religious group called the Tories for the reason that they backed the Church of Ireland’s position regarding taxation. He didn’t believe it to be fair that English clergymen were exempt from paying taxes, while the Irish church was forced to pay â€Å"first fruits and twentieth parts† (Critical Companion). He pokes fun at the anti-Catholic audience with the statement, â€Å"†¦there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after Lent, the markets will be more glutted than usual, because the number of Popish infants, is at least three to one in this kingdom, and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage, by lessening the number of Papists among us† (Modest Proposal). When the Whig government took over with King George I, he was left with no opportunity to advance his political involvement, so he felt forced to return to Ireland. â€Å"To Swift this meant for the time the fall from unique authority to absolute insignificance† (Life). This treatment that he received only fueled his anger and influenced his annoyance toward England’s neglect of Ireland. Oppression is defined as the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. Jonathan Swift implies in his writing of A Modest Proposal that England is full of greed and pays no regard to how their political actions may affect another country as shown in this excerpt from his satire, â€Å"But as to myself, having been wearied out for many years with offering vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly despairing of success, I fortunately fell upon this proposal, which as it is wholly new, so it hath something solid and real, of no expense and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging ENGLAND. For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, the flesh being of too tender a consistence to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it†(Modest Proposal). It is seen in history books of English laws that were strategically passed to cripple the Irish economy, because to England, Irish success meant competition for England farms and businesses. The Navigation Act, The Cattle Acts and the Woolen Act of the 1600’s are examples of England’s plan to control all exportation of goods in Ireland (Conditions). Which he states this point â€Å"Secondly, The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own, which by law be made liable to distress, and help to pay their landlord’s rent, their corn and cattle being already seized, and money a thing unknown† (Modest Proposal). Swift’s satire was a feeble yet extreme attempt to solicit England for any kind of possible way to make money, since all other ways of trade or exportation have been taken over by the English parliament. In A Modest Proposal Swift takes on the facade of a troubled economist who suggests that, in order to battle the deprivation and overpopulation in Ireland, the children of the poor be sold as food to the wealthy. Inundated with poverty, famine, and the streets infested with beggars, 18th century Ireland was a dreadful scene. In 1718 the Archbishop of Dublin had written a letter to a friend that â€Å"the misery of the people here is very great, the beggars innumerable and increasing every day†¦One half of the people in Ireland eat neither bread nor flesh for one half of the year, nor wear shoes or stockings; your hogs in England and Essex calves lie and live better than they† (Conditions). Swift emphasizes on these conditions in with the very first paragraph of his satire â€Å"It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms† (Modest Proposal). Later in his story he goes on to say â€Å"Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about the vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimed, and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance. But I am not in the least pain upon that matter, because it is very well known that they are every day dying, and rotting, by cold, famine, and filths, and vermin, as fast as can be reasonably expected† (Modest Proposal). Swift argues that not only will the population be reduced, and brought back to a respectable country but the income of the poor families in Ireland will increase as they sell off their children for consumption. Jonathan Swift questions both England and Ireland in A Modest Proposal of just how poorly, whether it is the manipulator or the manipulated can be dehumanized, â€Å"Once the process of dehumanization gets underway, as it obviously is, in a country in which no one – not even the unfortunate themselves – seems to mind or object to the fact that tens of thousands of human beings starve to death each year, where can one calmly, sanely, and logically draw the line and say thus far and no farther? (A Modest Proposal: An Introduction). He was infuriated at the submissiveness of the Irish people for sitting by casually and doing nothing about the conditions and treatment of their country. Influence, oppression, and poverty drove Jonathan Swift to write one of the most infamous satires called A Modest Proposal. Bibliography Baker, Lyman A. â€Å"Conditions in 18th-Century Ireland (ca. 1729). † Conditions in 18th-Century Ireland (ca. 1729). N. . , 28 Mar. 1999. Web. 14 J une 2012. http://www-personal. ksu. edu/~lyman/english320/sg-Swift-18thC. htm. Cody, David. â€Å"†A Modest Proposal†: An Introduction. † â€Å"A Modest Proposal†: An Introduction. N. p. , July 2000. Web. 14 June 2012. http://www. victorianweb. org/previctorian/swift/proposal1. html. DeGategno, Paul J. , and R. Jay. Stubblefield. Critical Companion to Jonathan Swift: A Literary Reference to His Life and Works. New York: Facts on File, 2006. Print. Jokinen, Anniina. â€Å"The Life of Jonathan Swift (1667-1745). † The Life of Jonathan Swift (1667-1745). N. p. , 16 Oct. 2006. Web. 19 June 2012. http://www. luminarium. org/eightlit/swift/swiftbio. htm. Widger, David, and Jonathan Swift. â€Å"A Modest Proposal. †Ã‚  Www. gutenberg. org. The Project Gutenberg EBook, 27 July 2008. Web. 21 June 2012. http://www. gutenberg. org/files/1080/1080-h/1080-h. htm. How to cite A Modest Proposal, Essay examples A modest proposal Free Essays A modest proposal BY green0784 A Modest Proposal In his satirical essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Johnathan Swift examines treatment of the poor in Ireland during the eighteenth century: â€Å"l have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London; that a young healthy child, well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food; whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled, and I make no doubt, that it will equally serve in a fricassee, or ragout. (Swift 763) In his essay, Swift describes a repulsive suggestion or dealing with the children of the poor in Ireland. Swift describes in detail how poor children should be raised and sold to the wealthy at age one. We will write a custom essay sample on A modest proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now He details how the children should be and how they should be prepared for the wealthy to consume. Swift’s abhorrent proposal for the poor children not only points out the awful treatment of the poor in Ireland during the eighteenth century, but also Ireland’s inability to devise a more desirable plan for the poor. His use of statistics and graphical depiction of the poor children’s lives adds to the credibility of his essay. In the beginning of the essay, Swift describes the streets of Ireland as â€Å"crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms. † (Swift 762) Approximately 120,000 children are born annually to parents in poverty and the mothers of these children are forced into begging for money Just to care for their children. He backs up these facts with detailed approximations of the number of children born into poverty; â€Å"l again subtract fifty thousand for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by ccident or disease within the year. There only remain a hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. † (Swift 763) Swift’s main goal of his essay was to convince the the people of Ireland that the treatment of their poor was unacceptable. By his graphical depiction of the arrangement for the poor children, Swift is able to add to the credibility of his essay. Swift first describes the use the children will have for society under his plan: â€Å"Those who are more thrifty will flay the carcass; the skin of which artificially dressed will ake admirable gloves for the ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen. † (Swift 764) He then explains how the children will be raised and sold once they reach the proper age and weight. l have already computed the charge of nursing a beggar’s child to be about two shillings per annum, rags included; and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good fat child, which, as I have said, will make four dishes of nutritive meat. † (Swift 764) Swift then describes how the way in children will be prepared: â€Å"This food would likewise bring great customs to averns, where the vintners will certainly be so prudent as to procure the b est recipe for dressing it to perfection, and consequently house frequented by all the fine gentlemen, who Justly value themselves upon their knowledge in good eating. (Swift 766) Swift writes his essay in a way that will attract readers to his essay and give more credibility to his essay. He does this by the use of a vulgar depiction of his plan for the poor and his use of statistics to back up his facts. Swifts tone throughout the its country and come up with a solution to the problem. How to cite A modest proposal, Papers A Modest Proposal Free Essays Belliveau Patrick A00156136 ANGL 1042 November 7, 2011 As much the same as different â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is an unrealistically conceived attempt to find an easy, cheap and fair way to convert the starving children of Ireland into â€Å"Sound and useful members of the common wealth. † Swift explains how children across the country are impoverished because their families are too poor to keep them clothed and fed. A modest proposal pre-sents arguments for the many advantages on raising the children to be sold for a great deal of money as food. We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now He expresses himself with such confidence when telling his fel-low compatriots an easy way to reduce poverty and overpopulation. The most ironic thing about â€Å"A modest proposal† is that it is not modest at all. It is a scary and insane thought to raise children to be eaten. â€Å"A Mild Suggestion† sarcastically proposes that Caucasians choose a night to lure in a few black people into their homes and poison or kill them by any means necessary. DuBois chose to ironically write about the problems that black people were having that was too often ignored, such as racism. One of the most satirist parts of the essay is when the speaker says: â€Å"The next morning there would be ten million funerals, and therefore no Negro problem. Think how quietly the thing would be settled! † It is an ironic notion be-cause it should be the other way around, the white people should be the ones coming up with ways to rid the world of black people and not the black people themselves. It is un-conceivable that this black man is suggesting these ideas and making them sound so sim-ple, when all of their lives, black people have been fighting to be respected. The essay ends with everybody shocked and disgusted at what the colored man said they should do with all black people, which is also an ironic idea, considering most of these people had racist attitudes to begin with. The one similarity between â€Å"A Modest Proposal† and â€Å"A Mild Suggestion† that sticks out most is the fact that both propositions are savage and frightening, but at the same time, obviously not serious. They both sound insane, which has the reader in shock throughout each essay. While reading both papers, people found themselves saying: â€Å"this man cannot be serious. The writers are trying to make the people from that time realize that some of their problems might not be so terrible. For example, the little old lady in â€Å"A mild suggestion† who at the start of the essay was being racist, went back to her room horrified and not saying a word after hearing what the colored man thought we should do with black people. As for â€Å"A modes t proposal† people back in that time might have wor-ried about the poor and the problem with overpopulation. Once hearing about cannibal-ism and selling children as food for a profit, they may have started thinking twice about how serious this problem really was at the time. Another common thread in both these essays is the fact that they talk about human beings as numbers, no matter what their color. Swift writes about how to cut down poverty and overpopulation by raising children as food, and DuBois writes about how to get rid of the numbered black people around the world. Both writers show their disgust; DuBois at racism and Swift to the Irish peoples not being able to mobilize on their own behalf. One of the differences between these two essays are the people in which their mes-sages are aimed for. A mild suggestion† for example was aimed to help white readers take the issue of race more seriously, and for black people to have a greater sense of ra-cial pride. As for â€Å"A modest proposal,† this essay was mostly aimed at the compatriots of the time. These essays warn the population that instead of allowing what is most humane, natural and common, people who conceive theoretically and speculatively to solve a problem may end up thinking of the unthinkable. Also in Swift’s essay it is mostly a speech through first person, while DuBois makes use of the characters. How to cite A Modest Proposal, Papers A Modest Proposal Free Essays Assignment #1: Surprise Ending in The Modest Proposal Syreeta Bruster Professor Lynn Wilson World Cultures II – HUM 112 November 12, 2012 A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is a satirical story with lots of sarcasm. This proposal was written to shock or force the government into a reaction. As the government read his proposal it should bring about a response. We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now This proposal suggests a â€Å"barbaric solution† that amounts purely to cannibalism. Mr. Swift’s idea is to help end poverty and decrease the amount of women beggars by eating babies of the poor. He devised a plan where he would take 20,000 babies and decide how many would be sold, how many would be breeders thus creating a balance between rich and poor. Mr. Swift’s plan would give the poor a means of income and the wealthy would get a fine and delicate meal. He stated that feeding on Irish babies was a treat and the English should be honored to feast on the babies. Swift based his proposal on facts and figures of many years of analyzing the situation. He does seem well educated and well versed on his proposal. He noted several benefits and advantages to his proposal. Some of those benefits included women being more loving towards their children. Another benefit would be more marriages happening with men catering to their wives while they were pregnant. Swift also quoted a friend that was a modern day swindler. The friend was supposedly from Formosa and told a story where 18,000 young boys were sacrificed to the Gods’ and Priests’. The Gods’ dined on the hearts and the Priests’ dine on their bodies. Swift suggested his proposal was a good solution because the landowners had already â€Å"eaten† the poor people alive, so to speak. The unfair and unjust treatment of the poor people suggested this proposal could be a way out for them. Swift had calculated the cost to feed these babies and with the proposal these surplus of children would not be a burden or anyone, not their parents or the landowners or the government. As a matter of face the landowners could take the babies as payment if the rent was not paid. Swift wanted to evoke such a response that the government would see just how awful they have treated the Irish in this country. They should respond by coming up with a more logical and reasonable plan to care for the beggars and poor people of the land. Although his â€Å"barbaric† proposal was written while he suffered a disease that made his mind alter from stable to unstable; it was concluded by most that he was not crazy when this proposal was written. It is not certain whether he accomplished what he intended to with his proposal; however with the intensity and factual way he presented his proposal I can understand why people would want to follow his train of thought. It was quite easy for Swift to manipulate the facts to fit such a â€Å"Modest Proposal†. Before people really realized what he was actually meaning to do with these babies it could have sounded like a solid plan. In my opinion we need more persuasive people, like Swift, with such passion to give a sort of wake up call to humanity without actually â€Å"eating† our babies. We need to construct a more compassionate and solid plan with regards to how we treat people whether poor or rich that is far from Swift’s proposal. Being eaten alive is not necessarily an actual act but more of a sarcastic statement of how one can be treated. I don’t believe anyone ever really took into account the proposal in actual â€Å"humane† terms. I do feel that it made not only the government react but also his peers and other constituents. References Johnson, James William (1958), â€Å"Tertullian and A Modest Proposal†, Modern Language and Notes (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 73 (8): 561–563 Swift, Jonathan. â€Å"A Modest Proposal. † Victorian Web. http://www. victorianweb. org/ . Web. Viewed November 3, 2012. How to cite A Modest Proposal, Essay examples A Modest Proposal Free Essays If there is one event that haunts this writer to this day, it was the time when he talked with a crime victim, whose fear in the eyes was staggering. The victim shall never be named for the reason that being victimized by a crime is such an intimate matter, the secrets of which are usually well-guarded by the people who experience them.   Anything that we imagine that we know about others is best known to them. We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now    So, crime is their personal experience, no matter what. However, that is not a reason for society to remain uninvolved. The rate of crime and violence in our society continues to escalate, and if we do not act with swift deliberation, then all of us will become part of that silent and ashamed community of helpless victims. We have every reason to interfere. Most of us go through life believing that crime and violence will never happen to us. But it does, and by the time we want to actively prevent crime, it is often too late. A friend, a loved one; we all have already been victimized. The problems of others must be guarded by us in all sincerity.   This is to ensure that the problems would not spread like plague among other members of other communities.   Therefore it is incumbent upon us to stop crime in its tracks lest it spreads like wildfire to create a conflagration too big and terrible for any one of is to try to stop. Life is too rich and joyful to be spent on crying spells and martyrdom.   Indeed the misery of crime victims and their loved ones deserves justice, each and every one of them. So let us give these crime victims and criminals alike what they deserve: justice, the swift and instant type that will sow fear in the hearts of the cold-hearted criminals and give a sense of retribution to those who have suffered in the hands of these heartless criminals. What would it take to eradicate crime and violence? Well, first of all, we would have to fight crime and violence in the frontline, and use the weapons that they have against them. Fear has always been an effective deterrent of any action. People are paralyzed by fear, and that is true of hardened criminals as well as unsuspecting victims. Indeed we are lucky that we are in this position, to use fear to turn a dire situation around and use it to our advantage. With a thankful attitude, therefore, we should not want to fall into the trap of crime and violence by refusing to use violence ourselves. The proposal then is to kill anyone on sight anyone who has been seen committing a crime, regardless of the type of crime, no questions asked. Every type of crime must be given swift retribution, no matter how small or petty, the punishment is death on sight, no deliberations, and no hesitations. How does it work? Simple. The person witnessing the crime is sanctioned by the state to kill the criminal or suspected criminal on sight. If the victims are able to do it themselves and kill their attacker, then so much the better; however, that is not possible in most cases, so anyone can do it, before, during, and after the crime has been committed.   What would it cost us to directly kill criminals?   None at all. In fact society stands to gain so much more by doing so. The most important advantage would be the elimination of crime because criminal would be too scared to commit violence or any illegal act. The decision to commit crime and violence is generally regarded as a product of rational thinking. As such, it is with certainty that crime and violence can be best prevented through immediate, swift punitive action. These forms of punishment or retribution will discourage criminals because they fear the punishment more than they want to commit the illegal acts. The choice to become a criminal is largely dependent on the threat of punishment or being caught. If they think they will not get caught, then they will commit a crime without hesitation. But if we send the message that the price for crime is death, then that will change the scenario altogether. If criminals know what is at stake, then they will hesitate and think if the benefits of the crime outweigh the risk involved. All of us, even the most hardened of criminals value our lives. Nothing is more precious. And if we kill criminals on sight, then the fear of possible death would deter would-be criminals from ever doing anything bad. They know the consequences of doing so, and the risk is too high, even for anti-socials and repeat offenders. Hopefully, these people will regard their lives as too precious to be wasted on empty and meaningless violence and crime. As previously mentioned, use to fear to sow fear, violence to stop violence. Most criminals believe that they can get away with violence because the law takes too long to arbitrate and dispense justice. When justice is delayed, it is indeed denied for the victims, and the delay encourages criminals to keep on doing what they feel they have gotten away with. And that is the root of our endless problems with crime and violence; our deliberate approach to justice has been ineffective because while it means well, it inadvertently protects the criminals. Killing criminals on sight addresses the issue of dispensing justice and preventing crime and violence all at the same time. An accidental, but nevertheless important benefit of this proposal involves cost-effectiveness. When we kill criminals on sight, we would eliminate the need for a penitentiary system. The cost of building and maintaining prisons is very high and eats a lot of state resources. If all criminals are killed, then jails would no longer be needed, and the funds used for the upkeep of prisons and the care of prisoners could then be channeled for more productive ends. Moreover, because there is no penitentiary system to maintain, the citizens will no longer have to subsidize its costs and that could translate to lesser taxes. Lesser taxes would mean more disposable income for the family. When there is more money to go around, the spending power of every household is increased, which can very well improve our country’s overall economy. The existing prison facilities can then be converted to other money-making facilities such as museums, spa and wellness centers, theaters, shops, and other similar places. This one benefit alone can bring about a cascade of benefits that can have far-reaching and long-lasting effects. How to cite A Modest Proposal, Papers A Modest Proposal Free Essays Many mistake t for only being used as a mean to make mockery and turn a serious situation into a humorous one. It is actually applied to get us thinking and to help us understand the point from which the satirist is coming from. One satirist who, gruesomely but effectively, managed to push his point across to us by his shrewd application of satire in his work, is Jonathan Swift. We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his widely studied â€Å"A Modest Proposal† he used many satirical devices such as irony, juxtaposition and understatement to help his essays purpose and theme sound deeper and better thought-out. This technique helps him achieving his goal of swaying us to his side and accepting his opinion. His use of irony is splattered all over the essay and many examples can be found. This helps us have a better understanding of the situation because his irony highlights the underlying events he wants us to take note of. â€Å"There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! Too frequent among us! Sacrificing the poor innocent babes This is very ironic because how is killing them to eat at the age of one not â€Å"sacrificing the poor innocent babes†? This makes the readers start questioning Swift and his theory but also makes us think that if this is the hypothetical â€Å"perfect† solution, then how bad are the actual possible ones that are out there? Then there’s the overall irony of the whole piece: Swift actually says what he means, bu t says it as if he’s matter-of-faculty defending an unthinkable idea. He points out that the country has no agriculture or industry, that children as nouns as six are taught to steal, that a member of the ruling class spends more on one meal than it costs to feed and clothe an Irish child for a year or even years, that Irish women are driven to abortion or infanticide because they cannot afford to support their children. The reader needs to look beyond the â€Å"proposal† Swift appears to be making to the hard facts he presents. Jonathan Swift could never be accused of writing too simply. A Modest Proposal† brims over with complex sentences and subordinated clauses, combining and juxtaposing Swifts stated opinions with those of his acquaintances. Swift begins his treatise (essay) by describing, in general terms, the overpopulation and resultant poverty Of Ireland and his plan for a solution: â€Å"As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years, upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our proje ctors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just drop from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in craps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the clothing of many thousands. . ] do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration, that of the hundred and twenty thousand children, already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one fourth part to be males; which is more than we allow to sheep, black Attlee, or swine, and my reason is, that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded by our savages, therefore, one male will be s ufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousand may, at a year old, be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune, through the kingdom, always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump, and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends, and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, ND seasoned with a little pepper or salt, will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter. Swift then juxtaposes his own proposal with his acquaintance’s idea of replacing teenagers’ flesh in place of venison within the national diet, admitting that he finds this idea cruel: â€Å"A very worthy person, a true lover of his country, and whose virtues I highly esteem, was lately pleased, in discoursing on this matter, to offer a refinement upon my scheme. He said, that many gentlemen of this kingdom, having of late destroyed their deer, he conceived that the want of venison might be well played by the bodies of young lads and maidens, not exceeding fourteen years of age, nor under ;level; so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready to starve for want of work and service: And these to be disposed of by their parents if alive, or otherwise by their nearest relations. But with due deference to so excellent a friend, and so deserving a patriot, I cannot be altogether in his sentiments; for as to the males, my American acquaintance assured me from frequent experience, that their flesh was generally tough and lean, like that of our school-boys, by continual exercise, and their taste disagreeable, and to fatten them would not answer the charge. Then as to the females, it would, I think, with humble submission, be a loss to the public, because they soon would become breeders themselves: And besides, it is not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice, (although indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty, which, I confess, hath always been with me the strongest objection against any project, how well so ever intended. This juxtaposition has the potential of either confusing the reader as to what Swift s attempting to say or helping the reader see that Swift does not actually mean this but is merely trying to state a fact in an indirect and slightly confusing manner. Swift also makes use of bland understatement to advance his â€Å"proposal†: the organized cannibalism of poor children. The opening sentence to his introduction, â€Å"It is a melancholy object an Rigors understatement because the scene he proceeds to describe is more tragic than merely â€Å"melancholy. † Whether this is sarcasm or not is up to us as readers to decide but it is definitely an understatement. This device could have been used by him to either express how this serious topic is taken lightly or to emphasize on how bad the situation actually is. How to cite A Modest Proposal, Papers A Modest Proposal Free Essays In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Jonathan Swift takes aim at the common perception of the poverty stricken class in Ireland in the 1700s. Swift’s solution to the problems of economic strife faced by the lower class is to resort to infanticide and cannibalism upon the first birthday of any child born to a poor family. Obviously, Swift’s true motive for writing â€Å" We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/english-12-a-part-3/"A Modest Proposal† is not to encourage society to sit down to a dinner of stewed infant, but to show how the lower class is unfairly perceived by society in general. One of the most common views of the population in Ireland during this time period was that in which people were not individuals, but mere commodities by the government. Several times throughout this proposal, Swift makes subtle but clear jabs at the Irish government and upper class, obviously voicing his discontent with their treatment of those less fortunate. There are several passages in Swift’s proposal that show his discontent with the people who he felt were ruling society in an unfair way. The landlords in Irish society wind up in the crosshairs of Swift’s barrage of attacks, â€Å"I grant this food may be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for Landlords, who as they have already devoured most of the Parents, seem to have the best Title to the Children.† Obviously, Swift felt that the landlords were taking advantage of the lower class citizens, â€Å"devouring† what little money and other personal effects they may have had. Another example of Swift’s attack on upper class is the one he makes on the government, â€Å"Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients: Of taxing our absentees at five shillings a pound: Of using neither clothes, nor household furniture, except what is of our own growth and manufacture†. This passage obviously shows Swift’s lack of sympathy for governmental policies that existed at this time. How to cite A Modest Proposal, Papers

Different Types of Change Management Theories-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Current Change Management Theory. Answer: Introduction Change management is the term used to transform people, individual, projects, groups and organizations from one state to the other. When this system is implemented to the projects and business, it is considered as the process of changing the opportunities of the business in such a way that every changing objective could be achieved. The paper includes cultural web approach and knowledge management. Change management includes the execution of structured process and a pre-planned approach for steering business from its recent condition to the desired situation. Change management theories help a business to raise the scopes of the business staying on its path which afterwards leads to advantages. In this paper, the researcher will discuss various change management theories model like Kotters model, Lewins model, ADKAR model approach that can be used in the business for meeting needs. The study will include the comparison between two important theory models like Kotters model and Lewins model. Apart from this, the paper will also include cultural web approach and knowledge management with the help of suitable examples. At last, the study will also conclude current change theories with the help of recommendations that can be used in the business to get advantages. Different types of Change Management Theories Change management includes the execution of structured process and a pre-planned approach for steering business from its recent condition to the desired situation. Change management theories help businesses to raise the scopes of its staying on the path which afterwards leads to advantages. In the following, different models of the change management theory are demonstrated: Lewins Change Management Model Lewins model of change management is the most effective model which understand the whole organizational structure and cultural change (Call for Papers:Journal of Change Management, 2015). This model was designed by Kurt Lewin in the year 1950; it is the oldest model but is still the most effective model for execution. The model has three primer stages such as unfreeze, change and refreeze. Unfreeze- This is the initial stage of the changes process as per stated by Lewins model, it includes the creation of change. It means that at first, enterprises should get prepared for the changes and should also identify the changes that are required. This initial stage includes an enterprise to look into its core and re-analyze it. Change- This is the second stage according to the Lewins approach where the original changes procedures take place. The method might take long time to be happen because people normally spend their time to adopt new changes, happenings and developments (Call for Papers:Journal of Change Management, 2015). Under this stage, time and communication are the main aspects for taking place change successfully. Refreeze- This is the last stage of the changing process stated by Lewins approach. when the changes has been executed and adopted by the enterprise and people then it starts to become stable once more. This is the accurate time when the employees and procedures start to refreeze and then go back to their normal schedule. Lewin change management approach is appropriately acquired by Tesla Motors. For Tesla change is required to assist the company to adjust appropriately with other dominant players in the automobile industry. The first step indicates the notification to be done to employees about the new ways of working. The second step would involve the helping the staffs to resolve any queries and worries about embracing the new methods of working. The final step of Tesla would be the internalizing the changes and to make them permanent. Figure 1: Lewin's Change Model (Czichos, 2014) Kotters Change Management Model Kotters theory of change management is one of the popular models that have been executed once by almost everyone in the world. This theory has been designed by John P. Kotter, who is an author of various change management books and is also a Harvard Business Scholl Professor (Czichos, 2014). Kotter divides its changes management model into eight stages where every stage concentrates on the main aspect which is aligned with the feedbacks of people to change. The eight stages are as follows: Enhance Urgency- This stage includes making a sense of urgency among the people for motivating them in order to move ahead towards their goals and objectives (Czichos, 2014. Establish the team- This stage is basically aligned to get the correct people in the team through recruiting a mixture of knowledge, skills and commitment. Get the right vision- This stage is associated to make the right vision by taking consideration, objectives, creativity, emotional relationship and also strategy. Communicate- Communication with every people about the changes and its objectives is quite a significant portion of the Kotters change management theory model (Czichos, 2014). Forwarding things- For the purpose of getting things move forward, one requires getting help for removing the obstacles and also executing response in a productive way. Short-term goals concentration- Concentrating on short-term goals and also distributing the objective into little and achievable segments is a better way to get success without any pressure. Do not give up- Determination is the main aspect in success and it is significant for not giving up at the time of change management process which is continuing, does not matter how hard things may look (Have, 2017). Integrate Change- Apart from managing change efficiently, it is also essential for reinforcing it and creating it as an element of the working place culture. Figure 2: Kotter's Change Model (Czichos, 2014) ADKAR Change Management Model ADKAR model of change management is objective- oriented model that creates it possible for different change management groups for focusing on the activities which are directly associated with the objectives that it wants to achieve (Have, 2017). The objective and outcomes which come from this model are in a series and cumulative. It means that at the time of utilizing this model, people should get every outcome in a particular series fashions for the reason, change can execute and sustained. ADKAR Model of change management stands for: Awareness- of the necessity and need for change Desire- to create changes and participates in it Knowledge- of how to create changes Ability- to integrate the change constantly Reinforcement- to hold it executed and armoured on afterwards There are few things with the help of model can be used, discussed in the following: To give support and guidance to workers to carry on with the change process at the time of change management is happening (Have, 2017). To analyse the conflicts portray by workers or staffs towards change. To emerge as an effective and appropriate plan for the personal and professional improvements of workers at the time of change (Have, 2017). Figure 3: ADKAR Change Model (Czichos, 2014) Cultural Web in Change Management process The cultural web is a model which is used to represent the connection between the assumptions taken for granted, structures, symbols and behaviours which categorize organizational culture (Lindberg, 2013). This model is mainly used by the managers of an enterprise as ways of understanding organizational culture. This model includes four layers such as: Values- Easy to analyse in an enterprise because they tend to be written as rudiments regarding the companys objectives(Lindberg, 2013) Beliefs- These layers are much specific but are evident from business statements. Behaviours- These are the constant way under which the company operates and also contains schedule and structure (Lindberg, 2013). Taken for granted assumptions- These are the core of the companys culture. They are also complicated for analysing and identifying. They are also considered as the organizational paradigm, where paradigm is the group of assumptions that are in taken for granted. Figure 4: Four layers of Cultural Web (Have, 2017) Knowledge Management in Change Management process Knowledge Management is basically a conception for analysing, sharing, innovating, reusing and capturing through efficiently using organizational experiences. Companies commenced that knowledge management is becoming the main aspect in entire strategies for staying competitive and enterprises are trying to execute knowledge management with combined outcomes (Murthy, 2007). Knowledge is basically apprehended by individuals and those individuals forms organizations. For the enterprise to change individuals who are related to the enterprise, the concentration should be on the demand for behavioural change. Organizations and individuals have absorbed the idea of Knowledge is power, as the more individual reserves make them the most valuable people in the company (Parsells, 2013). This idea requires to be changed to Knowledge sharing is power because the more they share others can respond and together as an organization. Figure 5: Knowledge Management Concept (Have, 2017) Comparison Kotters eight stages model has advantages and drawbacks also. The advantage of Kotters eight stages model is that, it is a step-by-step model. It does not concentrate on change itself instead the acceptance of this change makes it smooth transitions. It also concentrates on the purchase-in of workers because of the main focus for achievements (Reiss, 2012). It may be communicated between all stages and implements in traditional hierarchy as well. The only drawback of this model is that, if one of any stages is being ignored or failed then the entire stages of changes method completely fails. Whereas, Lewinsthree steps model still takes time with it too, three steps model of Lewin is quite useful to understand the changes in stable situation as well as the vibrant changes in now a day world of businesses (Special issue on Barriers to innovation and organizational change: theories, methods, practices, 2013). But a drawback of this, it has been seen that Lewins model has observed changes of behaviour as a method from top to bottom and it can be exactly to state that analysed that may be started the low, medium or high, but it cannot be successful without the active contribution. Conclusion From the above study, it has been analysed that Change management theories help the business to raise the scopes of a business staying on its path which afterwards leads to advantages. Communication with every people about the changes and its objectives is quite a significant portion of the Kotters change management theory model. Lewins model of change Management is the most effective and famous model which makes to understand the whole organizational structure and cultural change. It has been found that knowledge is basically apprehended by individuals and those individuals forms organizations. For the enterprise to change individuals who are related to the enterprise, the concentration should be on the demand for behavioural change. Recommendations It is evident that changes made in organisations are mainly due to two factors, namely, change that is imposed due to circumstances and the change which is made to encourage growth. A change management system is designed to help the business to change instead of reacting to it. It is important for the companies to cooperate to the changing business context and thus have to implement change. In order to implement change management process appropriately, organisations first must understand what needs to be improved. As most of the changes are made to improve a process, it is very important to identify the reason to change. Recognition of the resources and the individuals which facilitate the change procedures and lead to encouragement must also be done. Another thing that companies could do while implementing change is determining its organisational eagerness. There are some tools and paradigms that can evaluate how ready organisation is to have change or the organisation need a change process or not. Improving the communications is also very crucial in the change process. Having a poor communication could create a deep impact on the successful implementation of change management. Bulletin boards, corporate newsletters, cafeteria postings are some of the communications tactics that could be used by managers of the organisations to communicate properly with its employees regarding the organisational change. References Call for Papers:Journal of Change Management. (2015). Journal of Change Management, 15(4), pp.353-355. Czichos, R. (2014).Change Management. Freiburg imBreisgau: Haufe-Lexware. Have, S. (2017).Reconsidering change management. New York: Routledge. Lindberg, D. (2013). Change Management Tools for Systemic Results.Change Management: An International Journal, 12(3), pp.1-6. Murthy, C. (2007).Change management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House Pvt. Ltd. Parsells, R. (2013). Change and Learning in the Workplace.Change Management: An International Journal, 12(1), pp.61-71. Reiss, M. (2012).Change management. [Place of publication not identified]: Books On Demand Gmbh. Special issue on Barriers to innovation and organizational change: theories, methods, practices. (2013).Journal of Organizational Change Management, 26(6).